Czech to Traditional Chinese: ownership and the different relationships marked by de
Czech possessive endings do not become Chinese noun endings
Czech jeho is invariant, while její declines with the possessed noun, according to the Academy dictionary. Jejich identifies plural owners without acquiring the same agreement endings. The three forms therefore encode ownership and grammatical agreement in different ways; their surface endings cannot be interpreted through one mechanical rule.
Traditional written Mandarin can express possession with an owner before 的 and the possessed noun after it. Chinese UD illustrates 你的電話, your phone. The construction identifies the relationship without reproducing Czech case or adjective endings on each corresponding word.
For a Czech phrase about her phone, establish that the owner is the woman previously mentioned even if její has changed form in context. The target must preserve that owner, but it need not display the source inflection. A Czech case change does not create a new owner or a different device.
An omitted 的 is not automatically missing ownership
The Chinese UD possession entry notes that 的 can sometimes be omitted, particularly with a pronominal possessor and often with kinship terms. This is a qualified constructional observation, not a rule to remove the particle from every family relationship or every personal possession.
Czech expresses possession in both ordinary possessives and the reflexive svůj. The Academy dictionary relates svůj to the relevant actor and includes family relations among its uses. A translation needs to identify whose relative is intended before deciding how to word the Mandarin noun phrase.
That makes the source distinction between her relative and her own relative potentially important. If the Czech reflexive connects the relative to the subject, do not casually assign that relative to another woman mentioned nearby. Whether the Chinese phrase uses an overt 的 is a separate question from which person the relationship belongs to.
Not every 的 phrase describes an owner
Chinese UD also documents associative or attributive uses of 的, including 目前的情況 for the current situation. There is no person who owns the situation merely because the particle appears. The relationship must be interpreted through the preceding modifier and the head noun.
CzechEncy similarly treats noun modifiers through their syntactic relationship rather than through one English label. Its discussion of attributes distinguishes a tired grandfather who fell asleep from a grandfather who fell asleep tired. The adjective can identify the person or describe a state during the event; those are not identical structures.
When translating a Czech descriptive phrase into Traditional Chinese, establish whether it expresses ownership, identification or a circumstance attached to the event. A source adjective should not automatically become an owner, and a target 的 should not automatically be back-interpreted as possession. These distinctions are especially useful when reading a translation of a longer Czech noun phrase: check the head noun and the relationship of each modifier before deciding that similar-looking linking constructions mean the same thing.
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