Welsh to Russian: a present description can omit be, while completion changes the verb
Welsh bod need not appear as a separate Russian word
Welsh uses forms of bod in descriptions and identity statements, as well as in constructions with a verb-noun. Russian often leaves its present copula unexpressed. A Welsh reader checking the translation should therefore not automatically add a visible equivalent of is or are just because the source includes one.
Russian grammatical documentation illustrates Это Лена, identifying Lena without a present form of быть. The sentence is not an incomplete list of words waiting for a verb copied from Welsh. Its target construction already makes an assertion. The appropriate test is whether the identity or description is retained, not whether every source component appears separately.
This does not mean that быть disappears everywhere. The documentation describes its use in different nonverbal clause types and specifically qualifies its rarity in the present tense. A Welsh past or future statement needs its own analysis rather than being shortened by a rule learned from a present identification.
The endpoint and the time are different decisions
The Learn Welsh Foundation guide explains bod with yn or wedi and a verb-noun as parts of several verbal constructions. Russian has a lexical aspect contrast between imperfective and perfective verbs. Identifying the Welsh auxiliary’s tense is consequently not enough to select the Russian action word.
Cornell’s grammar relates perfective aspect to an action’s endpoint while warning that this description is not a mechanical rule for every context. A Welsh report about work underway and one presenting a completed result need their event perspective retained, even when both refer to yesterday. Past time alone does not make the two Russian aspects interchangeable.
Cornell also distinguishes nonpast forms: with a perfective verb they normally express future time, whereas with an imperfective verb they express present time. A target verb that resembles a present-tense conjugation can therefore report a future completed action. Check the chosen aspect before deciding that the Welsh future has been mistranslated into the present.
A changed noun form is not Welsh mutation in another script
Welsh possession can change a noun’s initial: fy nhad and dy dad retain the father meaning while distinguishing my and your. Russian noun forms instead participate in case patterns. Its documentation identifies the nominative as a typical subject case and the accusative as a common direct-object case, with other cases possible in particular constructions.
When a Welsh sentence changes who acts and who is affected, the Russian endings and full construction must preserve those roles. A target noun differing from its dictionary headword is not necessarily a misspelling, but the reason cannot be inferred from the Welsh mutation class.
The same principle applies to a personal preposition in Welsh. The Academy grammar gives iddo and iddi as forms involving third-person reference. Russian expresses corresponding relationships through its own pronouns, prepositions and cases. Recover the relation from the whole source phrase before judging whether the target needs a separate word, an ending or both.
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