Upper Sorbian to English: explain the number and event behind the ending
Do not erase a pair of people
An Upper Sorbian dual form can establish that exactly two people or things are involved. English normally expresses that information through wording rather than a separate grammatical number. A bare English we may be natural, but in a travel arrangement or shared responsibility it can conceal a useful detail. Both of us or the two applicants may preserve the source more accurately.
The contrast wrónje, two crows in the nominative dual, and wróny, crows in the nominative plural, shows why an unfamiliar ending deserves attention. It is not safe to read both as an unspecified group. Before finalizing an English summary, check whether a dual form carries a count that matters to the decision being described.
Read time together with aspect
Upper Sorbian perfective and imperfective verbs frame events differently. A translation must convey whether the writer describes an activity, a habit, or an event as a whole. In an English progress report, working on an application and completing an application are materially different statements even if both concern the same day.
The documented example přińdu domoj means I will come home, despite a form that is classified morphologically alongside present forms. This is a warning against deciding English time from the visible ending alone. Look at aspect and the surrounding situation before choosing am coming, come, or will come. A wrong time reference can turn a plan into a report of something already happening.
A changing stem can still name the same thing
Case inflection can alter more than the final vowel of an Upper Sorbian noun. The grammar pairs woda, water, with wodźe in an inflected singular form. If a dictionary search finds only the first, that does not prove the source contains a typo. Recognizing the inflection helps keep the English vocabulary stable across a passage.
English may express the relationship through a preposition, possession, or its usual subject–verb–object arrangement. Do not preserve the source order so rigidly that the recipient becomes the actor. For a sentence about transferring an item, identify the giver, the item, and the receiver before smoothing the English. Case information is useful evidence for that reconstruction.
Leave linguistic detail only where it helps
Upper Sorbian nouns distinguish grammatical genders, and agreement spreads to other words. English usually does not need a visible equivalent for every agreement ending. An inanimate noun need not become he or she. The aim is to preserve the referent and relationship, while using ordinary English grammar for the resulting sentence.
When translating a community announcement, retain Upper Sorbian personal and place names in a recognizable spelling. An English explanation can accompany an unfamiliar institution, but it should not silently replace that institution with a different one. Review the result for lost dual reference, altered completion, and renamed entities. These are more useful checks than counting whether each source word has a separate English counterpart.
Language references
Upper Sorbian is listed by the provider as Hornjoserbšćina (language code hsb). Source text reads left to right. Preserve original spelling, punctuation, and names when entering text.
The selected target is English (English; code en). The result is displayed left to right. If another script or regional variant is needed, select its separate entry in the language directory.