Filipino to Mongolian Cyrillic: an arrival report can also say how the speaker learned it
Reported news and sudden discovery are different signals
University of Hawaiʻi’s Tagalog notes describe daw/raw as marking information attributed to someone other than the speaker. Maganda raw si Aleli illustrates that reportative function. The same notes discuss pala separately as sudden realization or surprise, with Dumating pala si Romulo illustrating an arrival newly recognized by the speaker. In Filipino-to-Mongolian translation, those small words contribute information beyond the event itself.
Someone can learn about an arrival from another person or unexpectedly discover it after it happened. Both situations concern an arrival, but they do not identify the same source of knowledge. Do not delete a Filipino reportative marker merely because a target past-tense form seems to cover the event. Nor should pala always become a claim that somebody else supplied the news; realization and reported information are not identical.
Mongolian past endings can reflect the speaker’s perspective
Tokyo University of Foreign Studies contrasts Автобус ирлээ with Автобус иржээ. Both concern a bus arriving, but its explanation associates the first with directly experienced or expected events and the second with indirect information or an unexpected discovery. These are Mongolian teaching examples, not verified full translations of the Filipino sentences above. They show why selecting an ending involves more than deciding whether the bus has arrived.
The lesson explicitly says psychological closeness is not simply recent time. An event expressed with -жээ can have happened just beforehand, while a personally close experience need not be recent. For a Filipino arrival message, do not force the newest event into -лаа solely because it happened minutes ago. Conversely, the lesson’s range for -жээ does not establish a one-word correspondence with either daw or pala in every context. Preserve what the Filipino speaker presents as reported, discovered or experienced.
Completion alone does not establish evidence
Fiona De Vos’s aspect overview distinguishes completed, uncompleted and unstarted Tagalog actions. It also illustrates recently completed forms relative to the speaking time or another specified time. These distinctions describe how an event is presented as unfolding or completed; they do not independently identify who witnessed it. A recently finished action can still be reported secondhand.
For Filipino into Cyrillic Mongolian, keep the event’s timing and the speaker’s access to it separate during interpretation. First establish what happened and when the account locates it. Then retain any explicit reportative or discovery information. A completed Filipino verb without such a particle should not automatically acquire an invented eyewitness claim, and a reportative particle should not shift the event into the remote past. The target ending and any additional wording need to express the actual combination supplied by the source.
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